This may sound like a new blockbuster Sci-Fi movie that is in the cinemas, but it is actually ecosystems that live on plastic debris.

Increased global plastic production has unfortunately also seen an ever-increasing rise of plastics in our oceans. As a result of wind, wave and sunlight, plastics are constantly breaking down into smaller and smaller pieces known as microplastics. The term “Plastisphere” coined in 2013, for a human-created ecosystem where a diverse range of microorganism communities colonise the porous and rough plastic surfaces providing an ideal home for microbial life to settle.

Plastisphere an emerging ecosystem?

The plastisphere can support a diverse set of microorganisms, some of which may break down plastic, while others contribute to the spread of harmful chemicals or pathogens. These tiny plastic dwelling microorganisms such as, bacteria, algae, and fungi, which are mostly smaller than 1cm in diameter, can dominate the plastic waste, creating an ecosystem within itself. Up to 1 million can live in just one millimetre of seawater! Since plastic is strong and long-lasting, it allows these microorganisms to hitch a ride where can travelling vast distances. Microorganisms stay attached to the plastic surface using biofilm – a slimy, glue-like substance that provides the organisms with all the conditions and nutrients they need to survive.

Plastisphere may be idyllic for microbes, but not for humans. A recent study conducted at the University of Exeter and the Plymouth Marine Laboratory found discarded plastic in marine sewage environments, like wastewater treatment plants, can host nasty pathogens and bacterial strains such as E. coli. This can occur when heavy rainfall causes wastewater to spill into the seas.

These microorganisms on plastisphere can disrupt local ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources, like space and food, leading to negative impacts on marine biodiversity and the balance of the ecosystem.

There is also the risk of the Plastisphere effecting human health. An example of this Vibrio, a common bacteria found in marine and coastal areas. They are often present in the fish and shellfish inhabiting coastal waters. They also have very fast growth rates, meaning, they can dominate communities within the plastisphere. Some strains of Vibrio can cause serious infections such as gastroenteritis in humans if seafood is raw or undercooked when consumed.

How can you reduce the plastic to ocean pathway?

It may seem an unsurmountable task to stop plastic pollution, but doing your bit can help. Simple lifestyle adjustments like using reusable coffee cups and water bottles can reduce the quantity of plastic entering out waterways. You can also avoid personal care products containing plastic microbeads. Why not visit our Make the Switch page. Together, we can stop plastic pollution and Plastisphere.